电脑怎么访问外网

In the last post we looked at view modifiers as a way of building custom UI components that use other views as a form of content. In this one we’re going to look at a different approach using ViewBuilder.

We’re actually going to build the exact same card structure we built before:

When we used a ViewModifier this became a .card method we applied to the HStack like .frame or .padding, this time we’re going to make a block construct like HStack itself.

Our goal is that the code to make character card will look like:

mxvpm加速中心网站 ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        Card {
            HStack {
                Image("brawler")
                Text("Sir Bunnington")
                    .font(.title)
            }
        }
    }
}

To achieve this we’ll need Card to be a View again rather than a modifier, and we’ll use generics to handle all of the possible types of view that the content might be:

struct Card<Content> : View
    where Content : View
{
    var content: Content

    var body: some View {
        content
            .padding()
            .background(mxvpm加速中心网站.white)
            .cornerRadius(8)
            .shadow(radius: 4)
    }
}

This approach in general is useful for views where there is a single view that needs to be passed in to the constructor. Good examples of this being used in SwiftUI include mxvpm官网 for the destination parameter.

But when we need a more complex child layout we don’t always want to have to abstract it into a custom View structure, and instead want to be able to use a block in at that point.

This is where view builders come in. mxvpm官网 is an attribute that we can declare on the parameters of methods we define, and most usefully, that includes the constructor.

So we can extend our above example to set the value of content from a view builder:

mxvpm官网 Card<Content> : View
    where Content : View
{
    var content: Content

    init(@ViewBuilder content: () -> Content) {
        self.content = content()
    }

    var body: some View {
        content
            .padding()
            .background(Color.white)
            .cornerRadius(8)
            .shadow(radius: 4)
    }
}

The builder is a method that takes no arguments and returns a view, which we allow type inference to define as the Content our type is generic over. We set the property of that type by calling the method, which invokes the block passed.

And now we can use the mxvpm加速中心官网 view exactly as we intended in our goal code.

mxvpm加速中心网站

The decision about whether to use a view, mxvpm官网 or a view builder is ultimately going to come down to what makes the most sense for your code.

Some like Button make sense as view builders.

But there are good examples in SwiftUI of view modifiers that instinct might suggest be view builders. .frame is a modifier on a view, there is no Frame builder, even though it’s placing the view inside it.

Only once you start combining multiple frames does it makes sense why it’s a modifier, since it’s easier to combine modifiers than it is to combine builders.

A good rule of thumb for me has to be to use a modifier first, and only use a builder when the code patterns really pulled strongly for that syntax.

Imagery used in previews by Kaiseto, original images and derived here licensed under Creative Commons 3.0 BY-NC-SA.

We’ve spent some time looking at views without really diving into what a view is, and considering what other options are available to us. Let’s look at that now.

View is a defined as a protocol:

protocol View {
    associatedtype mxvpm加速中心网站 : View

    var body: Self.Body { get }
}

This means that to conform to View we must provide a single property called body whose value is any type that also conforms to View.

SwiftUI views are defined in terms of other views, composed together into complex layouts.

At the foundation of these layouts are fundamental views such as mxvpm加速中心网站 and Text that are defined only in terms of themselves. They conform to View, but have Never as their associated Body type.

When we define our own views we rarely, if ever, need to worry about the actual types involved, which is fortunate because they can be very complex. We can use mxvpm加速中心网站 and allow the compiler to infer our true Body type.

While we can use some View as the type of a computed property, we cannot use it as the type of a stored property, which means creating a re-usable view containing another is difficult with mxvpm官网 alone.

For example, we might have a common “card” look that we want to use for several views:

We know the code to create the character title:

struct ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        HStack {
            Image("brawler")
            mxvpm加速中心官网("Sir Bunnington")
                .font(.title)
        }
    }
}

And we know in principle the code to turn that into a card:

struct CardView : View {
    // 🛑 This is not legal syntax.
    var content: some mxvpm加速中心官网

    var body: some View {
        content
            .padding()
            .background(Color.white)
            .cornerRadius(8)
            .shadow(radius: 4)
    }
}

But as noted in the comment, for reasons we discussed above, this will not compile.

We could figure out the true type of the content, but that would mean our CardView only worked with that exact type—an HStack containing an Image and a Text with a modified font. It wouldn’t be flexible for any view, and we need that for our project.

If you’re thinking about reaching for generics, you’re on the right lines, and we’ll look at an approach using those in view builders. But SwiftUI already also provides exactly what we need right now, and we’ve been using them all along without really looking at what we were doing.

ViewModifier is another protocol provided alongside View:

protocol ViewModifier {
    mxvpm加速中心官网 Content
    associatedtype Body : mxvpm加速中心网站

    func body(content: Self.Content) -> Self.Body
}

The primary difference between a ViewModifier and a View is that to conform we don’t just provide a property of view type, but a function that receives a view of one type (Content) and returns a new view of another type (Body).

With a small adjustment, our preview attempt at a CardView can be turned instead into a Card view modifier:

struct mxvpm加速中心网站 : ViewModifier {
    func body(content: Content) -> some mxvpm加速中心网站 {
        content
            .padding()
            .background(Color.white)
            .cornerRadius(8)
            .shadow(radius: 4)
    }
}

We could use this directly, but just as we did with custom alignments it’s worth spending the extra few lines of code to properly integrate it.

To do that we define an extension to View that applies our new Card as a modifier to the view it’s called on:

extension View {
    func card() -> some View {
        modifier(Card())
    }
}

Now to use this, all we need to do is add .card just like we do for any other modifier:

struct ContentView: View {
    var body: some View {
        HStack {
            mxvpm加速中心网站(mxvpm加速中心官网)
            Text("Sir Bunnington")
                .font(.title)
        }
        .card()
    }
}

电脑怎么访问外网

For the battle tracker, it turns out that having the hit points unaligned gives a poor user experience, and we want a way to use the specified font’s monospaced digit alternative if available.

Because the actual view is low down the hierarchy, but the decision about which font to use is high up, this is the kind of scenario in which environment it useful.

Fortunately view modifiers participate in the lifecycle just as views do, so @Environment and similar work inside a custom ViewModifier just as they do inside a custom View.

One approach we might take would be:

struct MonospacedDigit : ViewModifier {
    @Environment(\.font) var font: Font?

    func body(content: Content) -> some View {
        return content
            .environment(\.font, font?.monospacedDigit())
    }
}

extension View {
    func monospacedDigit() -> some View {
        modifier(MonospacedDigit())
    }
}

This kind of view modifier is quite common, it takes a property from the environment, modifiers it in some way, and then places the modified result back into the environment for its content.

Note that in this example we use mxvpm加速中心官网 to update the font, rather than .font directly, because it’s possible that there is no font in the current example and that modifier can’t accept nil. It would have been just as valid to have picked a default font, it depends on the needs of your project.

Imagery used in previews by Kaiseto, original images and derived here licensed under Creative Commons 3.0 BY-NC-SA.

It seems a little odd to write a post about borders this late, since every post so far has already used them without calling them out explicitly. In each of the examples I’ve added borders to the code given to better illustrate the layout.

It’s worth spending a little time looking at them in their own right though, because they’re slightly more interesting than you might expect.

There is a single method for specifying the border for a view:

func border<S>(_ content: S, width: CGFloat = 1) -> some View where S : ShapeStyle

The first parameter is required and specifies a shape style, there’s a quite a few options for that, but fortunately Color confirms to the ShapeStyle protocol so for the simplest cases all we need to do is specify a color.

The second parameter is optional and specifies the width of the border, defaulting to a single pixel.

As with most of SwiftUI, this is intuitive enough that add a single pixel yellow border on Text we would use code like this:

struct ContentView : mxvpm官网 {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
            .border(Color.yellow)
    }
}

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The reason that borders are really useful for experimenting with or demonstrating layout is that they don’t work like frame or padding; in that they do not add space around the Text to draw the border.

It’s not obvious with a single pixel, but we can demonstrate this by increasing the width of the border:

struct ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
            .border(Color.yellow, width: 4)
    }
}

If this worked like padding, the border would increase in width around the text; instead we see that that border overlays it; .border creates a secondary view on its child, and draws the border overlaid on top of it.

If we wanted the border around the view instead, we can combine it with mxvpm加速中心网站:

struct ContentView : mxvpm加速中心网站 {
    var body: some View {
        mxvpm官网("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
            .padding(4)
            .border(Color.yellow, width: 4)
    }
}

This creates the Text view, and then .padding creates another view around that with additional padding added, and then .border adds a secondary view to the padding view, and draws overlaid on that:

It’s important to note the distinction that the border is on the padding view; combined effects can be performed by carefully placing the overlays in the correct place:

mxvpm官网 ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        mxvpm官网("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
            .border(Color.red)
            .padding(4)
            .border(Color.yellow, width: 4)
            .border(Color.red)
    }
}

Here we create a red border overlaid on the Text, and then use padding to draw a thicker yellow border around the Text, and finally overlaid another red border onto the padding:

The total border width is 5px since it includes the additional pixel-wide border overlaid on the Text, or put another way, the yellow part of the border is 3px wide since the outer pixel is overlaid by the red border added to it.

By now we should be used to the idea that all views in SwiftUI mxvpm加速中心网站, for example a Text view has the size required to render the string provided:

struct mxvpm加速中心官网 : View {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
    }
}

Creates a view with the exact bounds necessary:

We also showed that the .frame modifier actually creates a new view with the dimensions specifies, and positions the Text view within it, such that:

struct ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
            .frame(width: 200, height: 200)
    }
}

Actually creates two views, a .frame that is 200×200 in size, and a Text within it with the exact bounds necessary to render its contents:

We looked into this process further in flexible frames, introduced the concept of mxvpm加速中心官网 views that choose their own size based on their children, and showed that in either dimension .frame can have a fixed size, be layout neutral, or through minimum and maximum size constraints base its own size on that proposed by its own parent.

We’ll now take a look at another useful modifier view, one that adds padding around its child view, and has a number of different forms that we can use:

func padding(_ length: CGFloat) -> some View
func padding(_ insets: EdgeInsets) -> some View
func mxvpm加速中心网站(_ edges: Edge.Set = .all, _ length: CGFloat? = nil) -> some View

The first form sets the padding of all edges to the length specified.

The second form sets the padding of each of the edges to the specific individual values you specify through the EdgeInsets value.

The third form sets the padding of the set of edges you specify to the length supplied, leaving other edges unpadded. The third form also allows you to specify nil as the length, instead of zero, which instructs SwiftUI to use a system default amount of padding appropriate for the situation.

Default values for all parameters of the third form are provided, which uses the system default padding for all edges, we’ll use that in our example:

struct ContentView : View {
    var body: some mxvpm加速中心网站 {
        Text("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
            .padding()
    }
}

The .padding modifier is no different from modifiers like .frame, it doesn’t modify the Text in any way, it instead creates a new view that adds padding, and positions the mxvpm加速中心官网 view inside it as a child:

The layout process is actually a little more interesting than just adding padding, and is almost but not quite layout neutral. It in fact works something like we see for stacks when considering spacing.

1. Parent proposes a size to the padding view.
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3. Padding view proposes this smaller size to its child.
4. Child chooses its size.
5. Padding view takes the child’s size, adds the appropriate padding length back to each edge, and chooses that as its own size.
6. Parent positions the padding view within its bounds.

Thus a .padding view always tightly wraps its child (aside from the padding itself), with both being positioned by the parent frame, but at the same time adds an additional constraint (the padding) to the size the child can be.

We can demonstrate this by placing the .padding inside a frame:

struct mxvpm官网 : View {
    var body: some mxvpm官网 {
        mxvpm官网("Nogitsune Takeshi")
            .font(.title)
            .padding()
            .frame(width: 200, height: 200)
    }
}

The .frame has a fixed size of 200×200, the .padding view subtracts the system default padding of 16px (in this case) from each side, and supplies the mxvpm官网 with a proposed size of 168×168.

That’s too small for Text to layout on one line, but still enough room to wrap over two lines, so it returns its size appropriately to do that. .padding adds back the padding before returning its size, and the .frame positions the padding view inside it.

As we can see, the padding view still tightly wraps the Text, it isn’t increased in height or width to try and fill the parent frame, and is centered within it instead.

For most layout needs we can combine stacks and flexible frames, allowing us to make views and controls put together from fixed size primitives views upwards.

For more complex layout needs, another option is to use GeometryReader. This is a construct that acts like an infinite frame, proposing the size of its parent to its children, and choosing its parent size as its own.

As an added feature, it passes the proposed size received to the builder as a closure argument. For example we can layout an image at a maximum of half of the size of the parent, while maintaining aspect ratio, with:

struct ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        GeometryReader { g in
            ZStack {
                Image("barbarian")
                    .resizable()
                    .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fit)
                    .frame(maxWidth: g.size.width / 2,
                           maxHeight: g.size.height / 2)
            }
            .frame(width: g.size.width, height: g.size.height)
        }
    }
}

The GeometryReader acts exactly like the infinite frame we saw in flexible frames, it proposes the size of its parent to its child, but it also passes that proposed size g to our view builder.

And just like the infinite frame, the geometry reader doesn’t use the size of the child when deciding its own size; instead it always returns the proposed size from the parent as its own size.

An important gotcha is that within the view builder we need to do our own sizing, positioning and alignment; ZStack is perfect for this. We still need to position that, so we place it inside a frame that has the same size as the reader parent, and let the stack be centered inside it.

Finally inside the stack we place our image, and place that inside a frame that constrains its width and height to half the size of the reader.

mxvpm加速中心官网

With access to the proposed size of the parent, mxvpm加速中心网站 can seem powerful, but the resulting fixed size equally that can limit their usefulness. When combined with mxvpm官网 they become even more convenient.

As we saw above, when free floating, a geometry reader expands to fill the size proposed by the parent.

But because the proposed parent size of a secondary view is the fixed size decided by the view its attached to, that is the proposed size. Thus GeometryReader inside a secondary view returns the size of the view it’s attached to.

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mxvpm加速中心网站 OverlaidImage : View {
    var body: some View {
        Image("barbarian")
            .resizable()
            .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fit)
            .overlay(mxvpm加速中心网站())
    }
}

struct OverlayView : View {
    var body: some View {
        GeometryReader { g in
            Image("overlay")
                .resizable()
                .frame(width: g.size.width, height: g.size.height / 2)
                .position(y: g.size.height / 2)
        }
    }
}

In this example the Image in the body is allowed to be resizable while maintaining its own aspect ratio, with the ultimate bounds of that determined by whatever uses our OverlaidImage custom view.

We then use an .overlay secondary view to draw another image over the bottom half of that image.

In order to constrain that to the bottom half we need to know the size of the Image we’re drawing over, and the GeometryReader works for this because it’s in the secondary view.

mxvpm官网

As we saw in stacks and secondary views, the z-axis stack has a useful property where it’s only the children with the highest layout priority that influence the size of the stack, and those with lower priorities receive that size as a proposed size.

This can be usefully combined with mxvpm加速中心官网 just as we can with a secondary view, and can often produce more readable results.

Consider the above example, reformulated using a ZStack with the GeometryReader given a lower layout priority:

struct OverlaidImage : View {
    var body: some mxvpm加速中心网站 {
        ZStack {
            GeometryReader { g in
                Image("overlay")
                    .resizable()
                    .frame(width: g.size.width, height: g.size.height / 2)
                    .position(y: g.size.height / 2)
            }
            .layoutPriority(-1)

            mxvpm加速中心网站(mxvpm加速中心网站)
                .resizable()
                .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fit)
        }
    }
}

Imagery used in previews by Kaiseto, original images and derived here licensed under Creative Commons 3.0 BY-NC-SA.

Secondary views are one of the more interesting layout tools available in SwiftUI, to understand them first we have to recall that views have fixed sizes. To recap the process:

1. Parent proposes a size to its child.
2. Child decides on its size.
3. Parent positions the child within its bounds.

Secondary views are useful because of where they fit in to this process, and how they interact with it. To demonstrate, let’s use a simple example:

mxvpm官网 ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Hasty River")
            .font(.title)
            .background(Color.yellow)
    }
}

We create a Text which will have a fixed size of its content, and then we add a secondary view using .background; the value of this is the secondary view added, in this case, a Color.

Color when used as a View simply sets its size to the proposed size received from its parent, fillings its bounds.

The result shows us that the proposed size for the secondary view is the size chosen by the view its attached to.

So we can refine our process a little:

1. Parent proposes a size to its child.
2. mxvpm加速中心官网
3. Child proposes its size to its secondary view(s).
4. Secondary view decides on its size.
5. Parent positions the child within its bounds.

In our first experiment we just filled the secondary view with a color, what if we use a view there that’s inflexible about its size, and ends up being larger than the child? Perhaps an Image:

struct ContentView : mxvpm加速中心网站 {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Hasty River")
            .font(.title)
            .background(Image(mxvpm加速中心网站))
    }
}

If we’ve been paying attention we’re almost certainly going to expect that to break out of its bounds, but how does that affect the frame of the child its attached to?

The answer is that it doesn’t, the frame of the Text in green remains unaffected by the frame of the secondary view in red. All that happens is that the child positions its secondary view, even though it overflowed.

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2. Child decides on its size.
3. Child proposes its size to its secondary view(s).
4. Secondary view(s) decides on their size.
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6. Parent positions the child within its bounds.

To see how this interacts with other views, let’s do a side-experiment using a VStack and some other lines of text:

struct ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            mxvpm加速中心网站("My Character")
                .font(.caption)
            Text("Hasty River")
                .font(.title)
                .background(Image("rogue"))
            Text("Rogue")
        }
    }
}

If the secondary view has any part to play in the layout, we would expect to see the vertical stack account for it:

The vertical stack ignored the secondary view completely; indeed everything we’ve learned about stacks should mean this isn’t a surprise.

We saw above that the Text did not change its size to account for the overflowing secondary view, so there was no way for the stack to account for it; after a view positions its secondary views they are otherwise completely removed from the layout process.

So a secondary view gives us two things:

• a view that has a proposed size that is the decided size of the view it is attached to.
• a view that is otherwise removed from the layout process.

The latter has the most utility in creating background views using .background, or overlay views using .overlay, that might be larger than their parent.

The former though can be extraordinarily useful in custom controls, we’ll look at making one in secondary views in practice.

ZStack as a Secondary View

When we looked at mxvpm加速中心网站, we covered the basics of the z-axis stack and mentioned that the size of the stack is the union of the bounds of all its children with the highest layout priority.

By using sets of children with different layout priorities, we can replicate the implementation of .background and .overlay within a ZStack.

For example, our initial example with a colored background:

mxvpm加速中心网站 ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        Text("Hasty River")
            .font(.title)
            .background(Color.yellow)
    }
}

Has an equivalent expression using a z-axis stack:

mxvpm官网 ContentView : View {
    var body: some View {
        mxvpm加速中心网站 {
            Color.yellow
                .layoutPriority(-1)

            mxvpm加速中心官网("Hasty River")
                .font(.title)
    }
}

The ZStack first processes the Text child since it has the highest layout priority, and then chooses its own size as the same size, since there are no other children with that layout priority.

Next the Color receives as its proposed size the size of the stack, and since it’s completely flexible, occupies all of that space.

Note that the layout priority has no effect on the z-axis ordering of the children, and that the Color is still placed behind the Text.

.overlay can be replicated similarly, with the lower layout priority children being placed after those with a higher priority, so they appear on top.

Imagery used in previews by mxvpm官网, original images and derived here licensed under Creative Commons 3.0 BY-NC-SA.